Comparison of the Intensity of Coastline Changes and Erosion of the Main Ports on the Caspian Sea Coast

Khoshravan, Homayoun; Karimi, Parastoo; Alemi Safaval, Payam; Poursafari Yekrang, Parisa

doi:10.48308/gisj.2023.102925

Comparison of the Intensity of Coastline Changes and Erosion of the Main Ports on the Caspian Sea Coast

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

¹ prof Associat institue inresearch of Water, Ministry of Energy, Tehran

² M.Sc. Remote Sensing and GIS, Research Water and Soil

³ M.Sc. Remote Sensing and GIS, Geological Survey & Mineral Exploration of Iran

⁴ Water Engineering Dep., Guilan University, Rasht

10.48308/gisj.2023.102925

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate and compare coastline displacement and erosion intensity on the Caspian Sea's southern shores in the largest ports of Northern Iran, including Amirabad, Fereydunkenar, Nowshahr, Anzali, and Astara. Landsat satellite images were used to estimate the morphological status of the coasts in terms of erosion, sedimentation characteristics, diversity of existing coastal landforms, and changes in the GIS environment were used by digital coastline analysis software (DSAS) over the years 1995 to 2021. It has been indicated that the southern shores of the Caspian Sea differed in how they responded to the construction of port structures and Caspian Sea level (CSL) changes, and the areas of Amirabad and Astara ports had the highest displacements as well as accurate measurements of sedimentation and erosion rates, respectively. Given this situation, the beaches overlooking the ports of Nowshahr and Anzali have had significant changes in sedimentation, while the coast of Fereydunkenar had a very slow erosion rate. The northern ports of Iran, as well as changes in the Caspian Sea level (CSL), have direct physical impacts on the adjacent coasts. The management of concentrated sediment resources on the coast is a reliable solution to reducing erosion rate very effectively and the use of sand resources to mitigate coast erosion.

Keywords

20.1001.1.20085966.1402.15.2.5.5

References

Alemi Safaval, P., Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M., Neshaei, S.A. & Ejlali, F., 2018, Morphological Changes in the Southern Coasts of the Caspian Sea Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 16(98), PP. 271-285.

Azarmsa, A. & Razmkhah, F., 2011, Determination of Shoreline Position in Pozm Bay Using Landsat Satellite Data, Earth and Space Physics, 200: PP. 89-98.

Del Río, L., Gracia, F.J. &Benavente, J., 2013, Shoreline Change Patterns in Sandy Coasts. A Case Study in SW Spain, Geomorphology, 196, PP. 252-266.

Hapke, C.J., Kratzmann, M.G. & Himmelstoss, E.A., 2013, Geomorphic and Human Influence on Large-Scale Coastal Change, Geomorphology, 199, PP. 160-170.

Jabaloy-Sánchez, A., Lobo, F.J., Azor, A., Martín-Rosales, W., Pérez-Peña, J.V., Bárcenas, P. &Vázquez-Vílchez, M., 2014, Six Thousand Years of Coastline Evolution in the Guadalfeodeltaic System (Southern Iberian Peninsula), Geomorphology, 206, PP. 374-391.

Jedari Eyvazi, J., Yamani, M. & Khoushraftar, R., 2005, Geomorphological Evolution Of Sefidrud River Delta In The Quaternary Period, Geographical Research Quarterly, 53, PP. 99-120.

Kaplin, P.A. & Selivanov, A.O, 1995, Recent Coastal Evolution of the Caspian SEA as a Natural Model for Coastal Response to the Possible Acceleration of Global Sea-Level Rise, Marine Geology, 124, PP. 161-175.

Khoshravan, H., 2007, Beach Sediments, Morphodynamics and Risk Assessment Caspian Sea Coast, Iran, Quaternary International Journal, 167-168, PP. 35-39.

Khoshravan, H. & Rouhanizadeh, S., 2011, The Impact of Coastal Modification and Caspian Rapid Sea Level Change on the Amirabad Coastal Zone, International Journal of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, 1(2), PP. 81-91.

Khoshravan, H. & Vafai, B, 2016, Caspian Sea Level Fluctuations (Past, Recent and Future), the 18^th International Marine Industries Conference, Kish Island, Persian Gulf, Iran.

Konlechner, T., Kennedy, D. & M’Grady, J., 2020, Mapping Spatial Variability in Shoreline Change Hotspots from Satellite Data; A Case Study in Southeast Australia, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 246.

Kostianoy, A.G. & Kosarev, A.N, 2014, The Caspian Sea Environment, 278, 18- 48, Geographic Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia.

Kroonenberg, S.B., Badyukova, E.N., Storms, J.E.A., Ignatov, E.I. & Kasimov, N.S., 2000, A Full Sea Level Cycle in 65 Years: Barrier Dynamics along Caspian Shores, Sedimentary Geology, 134(3-4), PP. 257-274.

Mahmoodi, K., Sayehbani, M. & Moradi, A., 2015, Introduce a New Computational Module for the Shoreline Digital Analysis System to Identify Suspicious Data in Shoreline Change Data, Mohandesi Darya Journal, 21, PP. 83-94.

Mahmoudi, A., Nashai, M., Mansouri, A. & Shafaei Bejastan, M., 2017, Numerical Modeling of Flow and Sedimentation around Nowshahr Port, Darya Fonon Scientific Quarterly, 5(3), PP. 105-116.

Malek, J., Bani Hashemi, M. & Gholamnejad, K., 2012, Investigation of Changes in the Coastline of the Caspian Sea in the Area of Amirabad Port, 10th International Conference on Coasts, Ports and Marine Structures.

Malliouri, D.I., Memos, C.D., Takvor, H., Soukissian, T.H. & Tsoukala, V.K., 2021, Assessing Failure Probability of Coastal Structures Based on Probabilistic Representation of Sea Conditions at the Structures’ Location, Applied Mathematical Modelling, 89 (Part 1), PP. 710-730.

Misra, A. & Balaji, R., 2015, A Study on the Shoreline Changes and LAND-use/ Land-Cover along the South Gujarat Coastline, Procedia Engineering, 116, PP. 381-389.

Monique, O., Franzen, M., Fernandez, E. & Siegle, E., 2021, Impacts of Coastal Structures on Hydro-Morphodynamic Patterns and Guidelines towards Sustainable Coastal Development: A Case Studies Review, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 44, P. 101800.

Mukhopadhyay, A., Mukherjee, S., Hazra, S. & Mitra, D., 2011, Sea Level Rise and Shoreline Changes: A Geoinformatic Appraisal of Chandipur Coast, Orissa, International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ISSN: 2277-2081. http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm 2011 Vol. 1 (1) September-December, pp.9-17/ Mukhopadhyay et al. Research Article 9.

Peeters, F., Kipfer, R., Achermann, D., Hofer, M., Aeschbach-Hertig, W., Beyerle, U., Imboden, D.M., Rozanski, K. & Fröhlich, K., 2000, Analysis of Deep-Water Exchange in the Caspian Sea Based on Environmental Tracers. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanography research papers, 47(4), PP. 621-654.

Port & Maritime Organization 2008, Integrated coastal zone management of Iran Seas (national ICZM), 354 pp. (in persian).

Port & Maritime Organization, 2014, Hydro-dynamic Study on Gorgan Bay, 240 P.

Shayan, S., Yamani, M., Abdolahi Kakroodi, A. & Amounia, H., 2020, Estimation of Coastline Variation in the Caspian Delta Basin Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (Deltas: Haraz, Babolrood, Talar), Journal Statistical Information, 8(4), PP. 34-46.

Thieler, E.R., himmelstoss, E.A., Zichichi, J.L. & Ergul, A., 2009, The Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), Version 4.0, An ArcGIS extension for calculating shoreline change. U.S. Geological Survey.

Yamani, M., Moghimi, E., Motamed, A. & Jafarbeglo, M., 2013, Fast Shoreline Changes in Sefidrud Delta Using Transects Analyses Method, Physical Geography Research, 144, PP. 1-20.

Young, A.P., Flick, R.E., O’Reilly, W.C., Chadwick, D.B., Crampton, W.C. & Helly, J.J., 2014, Estimating Cliff Retreat in Southern California Considering Sea Level Rise Using a Sand Balance Approach, Marine Geology, 348, PP. 15-26.

Zhang, K., Douglas, B.C. & Leatherman, S.P., 1997. East Coast Storm Surges Provide Unique Climate Record, Eos, 78(37), P. 389.