ارزیابی تأثیر خشکسالی در پوشش گیاهی ایران با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و داده‌های هواشناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، لرستان، ایران

2 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، لرستان، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکدة ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، لرستان، ایران

چکیده

مقدمه: شرایط خشکسالی ممکن است، از متوسط تا شدید و با مدت زمان متفاوت، متغیر باشد؛‌ این تغییرات به نظارت مداوم و عملیاتی نیاز دارد. هرچه خشکسالی بیشتر طول بکشد، در پوشش گیاهی و منابع آبی تأثیر بیشتری می‌گذارد و خشکسالی تشدید می‌شود؛ درنتیجه، ممکن است خدمات به انسان‌ها را محدود کند و سیستم‌های طبیعی را تغییر دهد. از جمله تأثیرات خشکسالی، تخریب زیستگاه حیات‌وحش، کاهش کیفیت آب و کاهش دسترسی به منابع آب است. پایش خشکسالی برای محققان، مدیران و تصمیم‌گیرندگان، ‌به‌منظور شناسایی مناطق آسیب‌پذیر، ضروری است و نتایج آن با هدف کاهش پیامدهای خشکسالی به‌کار می‌رود.
مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه تلاش شده است، با استفاده از تصاویر مادون‌قرمز سنجندة Suomi NPP دریافتی از سایتearth data.nasa.gov و بهره‌گیری از شاخص‌هایNDVI ، VCI،  TCIو  VHIوضعیت خشکسالی پوشش گیاهی در ایران بررسی شود. دورة مورد مطالعه 2021-2013، اول آوریل تا انتهای جولای (هفتة 13 تا 26 میلادی)، به‌صورت میانگین هفتگی است. میانگین ماهیانة شاخص استاندارد بارش (SPI) در ایران با استفاده از داده‌های بارش روزانة 143 ایستگاه سینوپتیک به‌دست آمد. سپس ضریب همبستگی (SPI) با هریک از شاخص‌های VHI، TCI، VCI و NDVI محاسبه شد. در تصاویر مادون‌قرمز، باندهای M دارای قدرت تفکیک 750 و باندهای I برابر با 375 متر است.
نتایج و بحث: براساس داده‌های بارش ثبت‌شده در ایستگاه‌های هواشناسی سینوپتیک، می‌توان گفت که عمده بارش در فصل‌های پاییز، زمستان و بهار رخ داده و سهم تابستان در بارش سالانه اندک می باشد. بنابراین سال آبی، در بیشتر مناطق ایران، به‌طور تقریبی از دهة سوم سپتامبر شروع و تا دهة دوم و سوم ژوئن هر سال ادامه دارد. در منطقة مورد مطالعه، بهترین پایة زمانی برای پایش و برآورد آن از اول آوریل تا اواخر ژوئن  است. در فصل تابستان، ایران یک فصل خشک را می‌گذراند و ماه اوت خشک‌ترین ماه سال است. تغییرات زمانی و مکانی خشکسالی هریک از شاخص‌های پوشش گیاهی با یکدیگر تفاوت زیادی دارد.
نتیجه: میزان هریک از شاخص‌ها در شرایطی که پوشش گیاهی در وضعیت خشکسالی قرار دارد کاهش یافته و در طبقة خشکسالی خفیف و سپس شدید قرار می‌گیرد. بدین ترتیب، طی سال‌هایی که خشکسالی رخ داده است، مقدار شاخص‌ها از ماه آوریل روند نزولی دارد و در ژوئن و جولای، شاخص‌ها به‌سمت خشکسالی شدید میل پیدا می‌کند. براساس محاسبات، مشخص شد که مقدار شاخص استاندارد بارش در پهنة مورد مطالعه، طی ماه‌های گرم سال منفی است. این نکته بیانگر پایین‌بودن میزان بارش دریافتی درقیاس با دیگر ماه‌های سال است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Effect of Drought on the Vegetation of Iran Using Satellite Images and Meteorological Data

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samad Khosravi yeganeh 1
  • Mostafa Karampour 2
  • Behrouz Nasiri 3
1 Ph.D. Student, Dep. of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, Lorestan, Iran
2 Assistant prof., Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, Lorestan, Iran
3 Associate Prof., Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorram Abad, Lorestan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Drought conditions can vary from moderate to severe and have different durations, necessitating continuous and operational monitoring. The longer the drought persists, the more pronounced its impact on vegetation and water resources becomes, and the more severe the drought, the greater the limitation of services for humans and the alteration of natural systems. Habitat destruction for wildlife, reduced water quality, and reduced access to water resources could be consider as most effects of drought. Drought monitoring is essential for researchers, managers, and decision-makers to identify vulnerable areas, which can be used to reduce the consequences of drought.
Material and Methods: In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the vegetation drought situation in Iran by using Suomi NPP infrared sensor images obtained from the Earth Data website (earthdata.nasa.gov) and using (NDVI), (VCI), (TCI), and (VHI) indices. The study period, spanning from April 1st to July (the 13th to 26th week), was selected as it encompasses the typical drought duration in Iran. The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) was calculated for Iran using daily precipitation data from 143 synoptic stations. Subsequently, the correlation coefficient was calculated between SPI and each of the indices (NDVI), (VCI), (TCI), and (VHI). In infrared images, M bands have a resolution of 750 meters, while I bands have a resolution of 375 meters.
Results and Discussion: Based on the rainfall data recorded in synoptic meteorological stations, there is minimal rainfall during the summer months (July, August, and September). Conversely, the majority of rainfall occurs during the autumn, winter, and spring seasons. Consequently, the water year in most regions of Iran commences approximately in the third decade of September and continues until the second and third decade of June annually. In this study area, the optimal temporal base for monitoring and estimating drought on the vegetation is from April 1st to June 30th. In this article, the effect of precipitation on vegetation conditions was investigated using the standardized precipitation index (SPI), derived from monthly precipitation data from synoptic meteorological stations. Iran experiences a dry season in summer, with August being the driest month of the year. The temporal and spatial changes in drought for each vegetation indicator are markedly different.
Conclusion: Based on the majority of years experiencing drought, the vegetation cover is expected to face mild or severe drought. This is demonstrated by a decrease in the values of each indicator. In years  that the vegetation was affected by drought, the values of the indices show a decrease in April, followed by an increase in June and July. This suggests the beginning of a severe drought. Based on the calculated SPI, it was determined that the area experiences low precipitation during the hot months, indicating a lower rate compared to other months.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Remote Sensing Drought Indices
  • Standard index of precipitation
  • Iran

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