بررسی روند تغییرات زمانی- مکانی پوشش گیاهی و واکنش آن به عوامل محیطی در شمال استان فارس، ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم زمین، دانشگاه کاشان

2 دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

پوشش گیاهی، یکی از عوامل ضروری در ساختار و عملکرد اکوسیستم‌های خشکی و یکی از حلقه‌های اساسی زنجیر حیاتی آب-خاک-گیاه و اتمسفر[1] است. مطالعات متعدد ثابت کرده است پوشش گیاهی به تغییرات عوامل اقلیمی و ادافیکی حساس است. بر این اساس، تغییر در پوشش گیاهی و رابطه‌اش با عوامل مذکور، از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. تحقیق حاضر به منظور بررسی تغییرات پوشش گیاهی و عوامل موثر بر آن، در حوضه خارستان استان فارس انجام شد. در این رابطه، تصاویر برگرفته از سنجنده ETM لندست 7، طی دوره 2000-2017 و داده‌های اقلیمی‌حاصل از 17 ایستگاه‌ هواشناسی استان استفاده شد. با استفاده از این تصاویر، تغیرات زمانی و مکانی NDVI و آنومالی آن استخراج شد. به منظور استخراج نقشه کاربری اراضی از روش طبقه بندی نظارت شده استفاده شد. در نهایت رابطه NDVI با عوامل اقلیمی، توپوگرافی و انسانی (کاربری اراضی) بررسی شد. رابطه بین این شاخص با عوامل اقلیمی‌و توپوگرافی بر مبنای روش‌های رگرسیون وزن‌دار فضایی[1] و حداقل مربعات معمولی[1] به‌دست آمد. در مجموع، تغییرات زمانی مبین روند افزایش آهسته NDVI بود. آنومالیNDVI  در سال‌های قبل از 2008 روند مثبت و برای سال‌های بعد روند منفی را نشان داد. توزیع مکانی NDVI مبین یک روند افزایشی از شمال به سمت مرکز و جنوب غرب منطقه مورد مطالعه بود. نتایج حاکی از تاثیر دو دسته عوامل طبیعی و انسانی بر تغییرات پوشش گیاهی بود. NDVI در اراضی کشاورزی و مرتعی افزایش، همچنین پوشش گیاهی طبیعی بیشتر از پوشش‌های دست کاشت (اراضی کشاورزی و باغی) تحت تاثیر عوامل اقلیمی‌قرار گرفته است. علاوه بر این تغییرات پوشش گیاهی بر حسب ارتفاع، جهت و شیب هم تفاوت داشت. به طوری که از ارتفاع بیشتر از 2500 متر مقدار NDVI کاهش، در شیب‌های کمتر از ˚5، مقدار این شاخص افزایش و در جهت‌های شمال و شرق بیشتر از دامنه‌های جنوبی بود. روند کلی، نشان‌دهنده افزایش دما و کاهش بارندگی در طول دوره مورد مطالعه بود. با توجه به نقش تعیین کننده بارش در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک می‌توان گفت نقش کنترلی بارش بر NDVI بیشتر از دما است. حداکثر همبستگی مثبت و منفی، بین متوسط بارش سالیانه و NDVI با استفاده از روش حداقل مربعات معمولی به ترتیب 93/0 و 83/0 مشاهده شد. همچنین حداکثر همبستگی منفی و مثبت بین NDVI و دما به ترتیب 65/0 و 5/0 بود. بیشترین مقدار ضریب تبیین مکانی (Local R2) بین NDVI با بارندگی و دما به ترتیب 45/0 و 44/0 بود که در بخش‌های مرکزی منطقه مشاهده شد. با توجه به نتایج، می‌توان اظهار داشت که عوامل محیطی نظیر ارتفاع، جهت، شیب، دما و بارش از فاکتورهای تاثیرگذار بر پوشش گیاهی در منطقه خارستان هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analyzing of the spatio-temporal changes of vegetation and its response to environmental factors in north of Fars province, Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abolfazl Ranjbar 1
  • Abbasali Valia 1
  • Marzieh Mokarramb 2
  • Farideh Taripanahc 1
1 University of Kashan, Iran
2 Shiraz University, Iran
چکیده [English]

Vegetation is one of the essential factors in structure and function of terrestrial ecosystem and it is one of the principal loops in water-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Several studies have demonstrated that vegetation covers are sensitive to alteration of climatic, edaphic, topographic and human activities. Thus, alteration in vegetation and its relation with the mentioned factors are important of high importance. In order to investigation of vegetation changes and its effective factors, the current study was conducted in Kharestan region placed in Fars province, Iran. In this regard, the images obtained from ETM Landsat 7 (2000-2017) and meteorological data gained from local and 17 regional meteorological stations were used. Using these images, temporal and spatial changes NDVI and NDVI anomaly were studied. A supervised classification method was used to extract land use map. Finally, the relationship of NDVI with climatic, topographic and anthropogenic factors was investigated. Relationship between NDVI and climatic and topographic factors was estimated using GWR and OLS methods, respectively. Generally, temporal variations showed a slow increasing trend in NDVI value. NDVI anomaly was mostly negative before 2008 but it turned to positive after 2009. NDVI spatial distribution showed an increasing tendency from north toward center and continued to south-west of the study area. The study shows that the vegetation cover change was caused by both natural factors and human activities. NDVI increased in agricultural and pasture lands. Also, natural vegetation has been affected by climatic factors more than irrigated vegetation (agricultural and gardens). Furthermore, vegetation variation influenced by topographic factors likes height, slope and aspect. Also, with an altitude over than 2500 m, NDVI showed a decreasing trend, on slopes lower than 5° it increased. NDVI values in north and east directions were higher than in southern aspects. The overall trend indicates an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation during the study period. The maximum positive and negative correlation between mean annual precipitation and NDVI using ordinary least squares method were 0.93 and 0.83, respectively. Also the maximum negative and positive correlation between NDVI and temperature were 0.65 and 0.5, respectively. The highest local R2 values between NDVI with precipitation and temperature were 0.45 and 0.44, respectively, which was observed in the central parts of the region. According to the obtained results through the present study, it can be stated that environmental factors like precipitation, altitude, slope and aspect are the Influential factors controlling vegetation in Kharestan (Fars province, Iran).    

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • NDVI
  • Topographic factors
  • Land use
  • Climatic factors
  • Geographical Weighted Regression
  • arid and semi-arid regions

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