Presentation And Evaluation of A New Spatiotemporal Model For Dust Emission In Regional Scale(DustEM)

Document Type : علمی - پژوهشی

Authors

1 GIS student Department of GIS Engineering, Geomatics Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology

2 Associate Prof., Department of GIS Engineering, Geomatics Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology

3 Assistant Prof., Department of GIS Engineering, Geomatics Engineering Faculty, K.N. Toosi University of Technology

4 Assistant Prof.,University of Tehran Faculty of Geography, Dep. Of Remote Sensing & GIS, Geoinformatics Research Institute (UT-RGI) and University of Tehran

Abstract

Dust storm has been one of the most important challenges of western Asia. This phenomenon has been intensified due to the drought and has many negative effects on people's lives.  Since this region located in a dust belt in the world, it is necessary to explore different aspects of this phenomenon is well. Predictive and modeling of this phenomenon can be prevented of jeopardizing the lives of millions of people. So present a Regional Model to assess different aspects of this phenomenon is necessary.  Since climate and weather elements are constantly changing, the spatiotemporal model should be used for modeling and visualization. Hence, a model for estimating dust emission has been designed and developed and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial modeling capabilities and remote sensing (RS) data (wind speed, soil moisture, soil texture and digital elevation model) are used. The model which is called DustEM calculates horizontal dust emission. In this study, modeling is done for 2001 to 2007 and model’s output is evaluated by MODIS AOD and for dictating hot spot area output is clustered in 3 categories contain high, medium and low with threshold 0.3 and 0.6 for AOD. Accuracy index mean for the study period was 73.6% and show high precision of model in detecting hot spot area.

Keywords


  1. Alfaro, S.C. & Gomes, L.,2001, Modeling Mineral Aerosol Production by Wind Erosion: Emission Intensities and Aerosol Size Distributions in Source Areas, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 106(D16),18075-18084.
  2. Asproth, V., Hakansson, A & .Revay, P., 1995, Dynamic Information in GIS Systems, Computers, environment and urban systems, 107-115.
  3. Bagnold, R.A., 1941, The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Courier Dover Publications.
  4. Basart, S. et al., 2012, Development and Evaluation of the BSC-DREAM8b Dust Regional Model over Northern Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East, Tellus B., 64 , v64i0.18539,1-23.
  5. Bergametti, G. et al, 2007, Key Processes for Dust Emissions and their Modeling. Regional Climate Variability and its Impacts in The Mediterranean Area, Springer. 63-81.
  6. Change, I.P.O.C.,2007, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Sciencebasis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, PP.996.
  7. Darvishi, a. et al., 1392, Theoretical Analysis of Criteria for the Identification and Modeling of Dust Storms (with a Focus on West Asia), University of Tehran- Geoinformatics Research Institut. UNEP Repart.
  8. Fecen, F. et al, 1999, Parametrization of the Increase of the Aeolian Erosion Threshold Wind Friction Velocity due to Soil Moisture for Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, Paper presented at the Annales Geophysicae. , 17, 149-157, 149-157.
  9. Ginoux, P. et al, 2001a, Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosols Simulated With the GOCART Model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 106(D17), 20255-20220,20273.
  10. Ginoux, P. et al, 2001b, Sources and Distributions of Dust Aerosols Simulated with the GOCART Model, Journal of Geophysical Research, 20255-20220,20273.
  11. Grini, A. et al, 2005, Model Simulations of Dust Sources and Ttransport in the Global Atmosphere: Effects of Soil Erodibility and Wind Speed Variability, Journal of Geophysical Research, 10.1029/2004 JD005037, D02205.
  12. Grini, A., Tulet, P. & Gomes, L.,2006, Dusty Weather Forecasts Using the MesoNH Mesoscale Atmospheric Model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012). 10.1029/2004JD005037.
  13. Guelle, W., Balkanski, Y., Schulz, M., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Moulin, C. & Perry, K., 2000, Modeling the Atmospheric Distri-bution of Mineral Aerosol: Comparison with Ground Measurements and Satellite Observations for Yearly and Synoptic Timescales over the North Atlantic, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1997-2012.
  14. Gyorgy, V.A.,2012, Spatio-Temporal Distri-bution of Dust Storms- A Global Coverage Using NASA TOMS Aerosol Measurements, Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 61(4), 275–298.
  15. Haywood, J.M., Allan, R.P., Culverwell, I., Slingo, T., Milton, S., Edwards, J. & Clerbaux, N.,2005, Can Desert Dust Explain the Outgoing Longwave Radiation Anomaly Over the Sahara During July 2003, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012). 108(D18), 8577.
  16. Helgren, D.M., & Prospero, J.M.,1987, Wind Velocities Associated with Dust Deflation Events in the Western Sahara, J. Climate Appl. Meteor, 1147-1151.
  17. Hillel, D.,1982, Introduction to Soil Physics, Academic press New York.
  18. Iranian Society of Consulting Engineers, 1391, Review Causes Dust Mitigation Solutions to the Harmful Effects of this Phenomenon, Iranian Society of Consulting Engineers.
  19. Iversen, J.D., & White, B.R.,1982, Saltation Threshold on Earth, Mars and Venus, Sedimentology, 29(1), 111-119.
  20. Janjic, Z.I.,1994, The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes, Monthly Weather Review, 927-945.
  21. Laurent, B., Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., Leon, J.F. & Mahowald, N.M.,2008, Modeling Mineral Dust Emissions from the Sahara Desert Using New Surface Properties and Soil Database, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012).
  22. Marticorena, B., & Bergametti, G.,1995a, Modeling the Atmospheric Dust Cycle: 1. Design of a Soil-Derived Dust Emission Scheme, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D8), 16415-16416,16430.
  23. Marticorena, B., & Bergametti, G.,1995b, Modeling the Atmospheric Dust Cycle: 1. Design of a Soil-Derived Dust Emission Scheme, Journal of Geophysical Research, 16415-16416,16430.
  24. Menut, L., Schmechtig, C. & Marticorena, B.,2005, Sensitivity of the Sandblasting Flux Calculations to the Soil Size Distribution Accuracy, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 1875-1884.
  25. Miller, R.L. & Tegen, I.,1998, Climate Response to Soil Dust Aerosols, Journal of Climate, 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011, 3247-3267.
  26. Morcrette, J.-J., Beljaars, A., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. & Boucher, O.,2008, Sea-Salt and Dust Aerosols in the ECMWF IFS Mmodel, Geophysical Research Letters, 114(D6), D06206.
  27. Morcrette, J.J., Boucher, O., Jones, L., Salmond, D., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., . . . Razinger, M.,2009a, Aerosol Analysis and Forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: Forward Modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research, D06206.
  28. Morcrette, J.J., Boucher, O., Jones, L., Salmond, D., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A., . . . Razinger, M. ,2009b, Aerosol Analysis and Forecast in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecast System: Forward Modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(D6), D06206.
  29. Perez, C., Haustein, K., Janjic, Z., Jorba, O., Huneeus, N., Baldasano, J.M., . . . Miller, R.L,2011, Atmospheric Dust Modeling From Meso to Global Scales with the Online NMMB/BSC-Dust Mode-Part 1: Model Description, Annual Simulations and Evaluation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10.5194, 13001-13027.
  30. Perez, C., Nickovic, S., Baldasano, J.M., Sicard, M.l., Rocadenbosch, F. & Cachorro, V.E. ,2006, A Long Saharan Dust Event over the Western Mediterranean: Lidar, Sun Photometer Observations, and Regional Dust Modeling, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012). 111(D15).
  31. Prospero, J.M., Ginoux, P., Torres, O., Nicholson, S.E., & Gill, T.E.,2002, Environmental Characterization of Global Sources of Atmospheric Soil Dust Identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectro-meter (TOMS) Absorbing Aerosol Product, Reviews of Geophysics, 40(1), 2-1-2-31.
  32. Rodwell, M.J. & Jung, T.,2008, Understanding the Local and Global Impacts of Model Physics Changes: An Aerosol Example, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 10.1002/qj.298,1479-1497.
  33. Schepanski, K.,2009, Characterising Saharan Dust Sources and Export using Remote Sensing and Regional Modelling, Christian-Albrechts-University.
  34. Schepanski, K., Tegen, I., Laurent, B., Heinold, B. & Macke, A.,2007, A New Saharan Dust Source Activation Frequency Map Derived from MSG-SEVIRI IR-Channels, Geophysical Research Letters, 34(18), L18803.
  35. Schulz, M., Balkanski, Y. J., Guelle, W. & Dulac, F.,1998, Role of Aerosol Size Distribution and Source Location in a Three‐Dimensional Simulation of a Saharan Dust Episode Tested Against Satellite‐Derived Optical Thickness, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 10579-10592.
  36. Shao, Y., Raupach, M. & Findlater, P.,1993, Effect of Saltation Bombardment on the Entrainment of Dust by Wind, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 12719-12726.
  37. Steppeler, J., Doms, G., Schttler, U., Bitzer, H.W., Gassmann, A., Damrath, U. & Gregoric, G.,2003, Meso-Gamma Scale Forecasts Using the Nonhydrostatic Model LM, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 82(1-4), 75-96.
  38. Tegen, I. & Fung, I.,1995, Contribution to the Atmospheric Mineral Aerosol Load from Land Surface Modification, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(D9), 18707-18718, 18726.
  39. Tegen, I., Harrison, S.P., Kohfeld, K., Prentice, I.C., Coe, M. & Heimann, M.,2002, Impact of Vegetation and Preferential Source Areas on Global Dust Aerosol: Results from a Model Study, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107(D21), 4576.
  40. Washington, R., Todd, M., Middleton, N.J., & Goudie, A.S.,2003, Dust-Storm Source Areas Determined by the Total Ozone Monitoring Spectrometer and Surface Observations, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(2), 297-313.
  41. White, B.R. ,1979, Soil Transport by Winds on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth (1978-2012), 84(B9),4643-4651.
  42. WHO, W.H., Organization,2005, WHO Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005, Report on a Working Group Meeting, Bonn, Germany, 18-20 October 2005: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  43. Wolke, R., Hellmuth, O., Knoth, O., Schrder, W., Heinrich, B. & Renner, E.,2004, The Chemistry-Transport Modeling System LM-MUSCAT: Description and CityDelta Applications Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVI, Springer, 978-1-4613-4697-5, 427-439.
  44. Woodward, S.,2001, Modeling the Atmospheric Life Cycle and Radiative Impact of Mineral Dust in the Hadley Centre Climate Model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 18155-18166.
  45. Woodward, S., 2011, Mineral Dust in HadGEM2, Hadley Centre Technical Note.
  46. Zender, C.S., Newman, D. & Torres. O, 2003, Spatial Heterogeneity in Aeolian Erodibility: Uniform, Topographic, Geomorphic, and Hydrologic Hypotheses, Journal of Geo-physical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012). 108(D14), 4416.