Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation Phenology of Urmia Lake Basin Using AVHRR Time Series Data

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 M.Sc. in Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Prof., Center for Remote Sensing and GIS research , Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University,, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Prof., Center for Remote Sensing and GIS research , Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University,, Tehran, Iran

4 Prof. of Center for Remote Sensing and GIS research , Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: Climate change is considered one of the most significant challenges facing humanity. This phenomenon has had notable impacts on agricultural production in most parts of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The average temperature has also increased in many areas over the past few decades. Today, various studies utilize remote sensing indices as one of the modern methods for identifying climate change. One of the important remote sensing indices is the phenology characteristics of vegetation cover, which has demonstrated a promising ability in identifying and estimating vegetation cover in recent studies.
Materials and Methods: The five-day time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from NOAA-AVHRR images and plant phenology parameters were utilized to examine changes in vegetation cover in rangeland and rainfed agricultural lands of the Urmia Lake basin over the years 1984-2013. Temperature and precipitation data were obtained from meteorological stations in the Urmia Lake basin and were used in comparison with satellite image results.
Results and Discussion: The results of the time series analysis over the thirty year period in the Urmia Lake basin revealed that the start of the growing season in Oshnavieh, Saqqez, and Sarab areas in 2013 commenced earlier than in 1984, while in the Maragheh area, it started later. The end of the growing season in Oshnavieh, Saqqez, and Takab ended earlier, and based on the peak growth parameter, vegetation in these counties reached its maximum value earlier. The results also showed the length of the growing season in Oshnavieh, Maragheh, and Saqqez counties has shortened, respectively.
Conclusion: The results obtained from satellite images and climate data indicated that the  observed changes in phenology parameters are location-dependent. Cold nights and warm days at the start of the growing season decreasing and increasing, respectively. However, warm days increased at the end of the growing season. These changes have increased the slope of the plant growth phenology curve during the senescence period, ultimately reducing the length of the growing season.

Keywords


Atzberger, C., Klisch, A., Mattiuzzi, M. & Vuolo, F., 2014, Phenological Metrics Derived over the European Continent from NDVI3g Data and MODIS Time Series, Remote Sensing, 6(1), PP. 257-284, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6010257.
Brown, M.E., de Beurs, K. M. & Marshall, M., 2012, Global Phenological Response to Climate Change in Crop Areas Using Satellite Remote Sensing of Vegetation, Humidity and Temperature over 26 Years, Remote Sensing of Environment, 126, PP. 174-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.08.009.
Butt, B., Turner, M.D., Singh, A. & Brottem, L., 2011, Use of MODIS NDVI to Evaluate Changing Latitudinal Gradients of Rangeland Phenology in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa, Remote Sensing of Environment, 115, PP. 3367-3376, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.001.
 
Cook, K.H. & Vizy, E.K., 2012, Impact of Climate Change on Mid-Twenty-First Century Growing Seasons in Africa, Climate Dynamics, 39, PP. 2937-2955, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1324-1.
 
de Beurs, K.M. & Henebry, G.M., 2005, Land Surface Phenology and Temperature Variation in the International Geosphere–Biosphere Program High‐Latitude Transects, Global Change Biology, 11(5), PP. 779-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00949.x.
Duchemin, B., Goubier, J. & Courrier, G., 1999, Monitoring Phenological Key Stages and Cycle Duration of Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystems with NOAA-AVHRR Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 67, PP. 68-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00067-4.
Gong, D.-Y. & Ho, C.-H., 2003, Detection of Large-Scale Climate Signals in Spring Vegetation Index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) over the Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108D, P. 4498, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002300.
 
Heumann, B.W., Seaquist, J.W., Eklundh, L. & Jönsson, P., 2007, AVHRR Derived Phenological Change in the SAHEL and Soudan, Africa, 1982–2005, Remote Sensing of Environment, 108(2007), PP. 385-392, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.11.025.
 
Jönsson, P. & Eklundh, L., 2004, TIMESAT—A Program for Analyzing Timeseries of Satellite Sensor Data, Computers & Geosciences, 30, PP. 833-845, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.05.006.
 
Li, Z., Huffman, T., McConkey, B. & Townley-Smith, L., 2013, Monitoring and Modeling Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Grassland Dynamics Using Time-Series MODIS NDVI with Climate and Stocking Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, 138, PP. 232-244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.07.020.
 
Malayeri, F., Ashourloo, D., Shakiba, A., Matkan, A.A. & Aghighi, H., 2016, Investigating the Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation Phenology Using Time Series of AVHRR Data, Journal of Ecological Agriculture, 8(2), PP. 98-117, https://doi.org/10.48308/gisj.2021.100998.
 
Menzel, A. & Fabian, P., 1999, Growing Season Extended in Europe, Nature, 397(6721), P. 659, https://doi.org/10.1038/17709.
 
Moulin, S., Kergoat, L., Viovy, N. & Dedieu, G., 1997, Global-Scale Assessment of Vegetation Phenology Using NOAA-AVHRR Satellite Measurements, J. Climate, 10, PP. 1154-1170, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1154:GSAOVP>2.0.CO;2.
 
Myneni, R.B., Keeling, C.D., Tucker, C.J., Asrar, G. & Nemani, R.R., 1997, Increased Plant Growth in the Northern High Latitudes from 1981 to 1991, Nature, 386(6626), P. 698, https://doi.org/10.1038/386698a0.
 
Solomon, S., 2007, IPCC (2007): Climate Change the Physical Science Basis, In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, Bibcode: 2007AGUFM.U43D..01S.
Tang, H., Li, Z., Zhu, Z., Chen, B., Zhang, B. & Xin, X., 2015, Variability and Climate Change Trend in Vegetation Phenology of Recent Decades in the Greater Khingan Mountain Area, Northeastern China, Remote Sensing, 7(9), PP. 11914-11932, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911914.
 
Vrieling, A., De Leeuw, J. & Said, M., 2013, Length of Growing Period over Africa: Variability and Trends from 30 Years of NDVI Time Series, Remote Sensing, 5(2), PP. 982-1000, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5020982.
 
White, M.A., Thornton, P.E. & Running, S.W., 1997, A Continental Phenology Model for Monitoring Vegetation Responses to Interannual Climatic Variability, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 11(2), PP. 217-234, https://doi.org/10.1029/97GB00330.
 
White, M.A. & Nemani, R.R., 2006, Real-Time Monitoring and Short-Term Forecasting of Land Surface phenology, Remote Sensing of Environment, 104(1), PP. 43-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.04.014.
Yu, L., Liu, T., Bu, K., Yan, F., Yang, J., Chang, L. & Zhang, S., 2017, Monitoring the Long Term Vegetation Phenology Change in Northeast China from 1982 to 2015, Scientific Reports, 7(1), P. 14770, https://doi.org /10.1038/s41598-017-14918-4.
Zhang, X., Friedl, M.A., Schaaf, C.B., Strahler, A.H., Hodges, J.C., Gao, F., Reed, B.C. & Huete, A., 2003, Monitoring Vegetation Phenology Using MODIS, Remote Sensing of Environment, 84(3), PP. 471-475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00135-9.
Zhang, X., Friedl, M.A., Schaaf, C.B. & Strahler, A.H., 2004, Climate Controls on Vegetation Phenological Patterns in Northern Mid‐and High Latitudes Inferred from MODIS Data, Global Change Biology, 10(7), PP. 1133-1145, https://doi.org /10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00784.x.
Zhou, L.M., Tucker, C.J., Kaufmann, R.K., Slayback, D., Shabanov, N.V. & Myneni, R.B., 2001, Variations in Northern Vegetation Activity Inferred from Satellite Data of Vegetation Index During 1981 to 1999, Journal of Geophysical Research, [Atmospheres], 106, PP. 20069-20083, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD000115.