Evaluation of environmental criteria affecting citizens' health using geographic information system (case example: Agheh Zaman neighborhood of Sanandaj city)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Urban Design Doctoral Researcher, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning and Architecture, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The challenges of urban life, such as the reduction of the environment's role as a space for citizens' presence and physical activity, the increase in vehicle usage, and the resultant inactivity and rise in non-communicable diseases, have raised global concerns about public health. This research aims to evaluate both subjectively and objectively the environmental criteria affecting the general health of residents in three dimensions: physical, psychological, and social, within the Agha Zaman neighborhood of Sanandaj city.
Material and Methods: The collection of subjective and objective research data was conducted sequentially. The research was divided into four phases. The first phase involved a subjective qualitative assessment of residents regarding their mental and social health. The second phase involved collecting quantitative subjective data about residents' physical health. The third phase was a quantitative objective assessment of the environment. The fourth phase examined the correlation between the research variables. Subjective data were obtained using a questionnaire, while objective data were gathered using a geographic information system (GIS). Regression analysis in SPSS software was used to analyze the relationship between neighborhood environmental criteria and physical activities, and to determine the relationship between variables. Objective data, such as the type of block arrangement, spatial pattern of the neighborhood, land use layer, and road network, were calculated using GIS and entered into the space syntax index to determine the neighborhood's pedestrianization. Finally, the relationships and effects of environmental criteria on public health were identified using regression analysis in Lisrel software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that environmental comfort and tranquility, with a score of 23, and social interactions and neighborhood culture, with a score of 21, have the greatest impact on mental and social health, respectively. Additionally, environmental criteria such as a mix of uses (score: 5.671), visual and aesthetic qualities (score: 7.961), and special infrastructure for pedestrians and bicycles (score: 8.475) have the most significant impact on physical work, leisure, and sports activities. Consequently, these criteria influence physical health. According to the data, Namaki Street, with a score of 21, has the highest level of connectivity, interconnection, depth, and control within the neighborhood, leading to the highest level of pedestrian circulation.
Conclusion: The overall results indicate that due to the direct impact and relationship of urban design environmental criteria on physical activities, and the positive and meaningful relationship between physical activities and general health, it is evident that the general health of residents is related to the environmental criteria of urban design. However, this relationship is mediated by physical activities.

Keywords

References

Alfonzo, M.; Boarnet, M.G.; Day, K.M.; Anderson, C.A., 2008, The relationship of neighborhood built environment feature and adult parents’ walking. Journal of Urban Design,  Pages 29-51 | Published online: 08 Feb 2008
     https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701803456
Aram, F.; Solgi, E.; Higueras, G.E.; Mosavi, A.R.; Várkonyi-Kóczy, A., 2019, The cooling efect of large-scale urban parks on surrounding area thermal comfort. Energies 12, 3904. Journal of Energies, 12(20), 3904 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203904
Bahrainy, H.; Hossein, K., 2013, The impact of urban design features and qualities on walkability and health in under-construction environments: The case of Hashtgerd New Town in Iran. Journal of Cities, Pages 17-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.01.001
Bangsbo, J.; Blackwell, J.; Boraxbekk, C.-J.; Caserotti, P.; Dela, F.; Evans, A.B.; Jespersen, A.P.; Gliemann, L.; Kramer, A.F.; Lundbye-Jensen, J.; et al., 2019, Copenhagen Consensus statement 2019: Physical activity and ageing. Journal of Br. J. Sports Med. 53, 856–858.
    https://doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100451
Bauman, A.E.; Reis, R.S.; Sallis, J.F.; Wells, J.C.; Loos, R.J.F.; Martin, B.W.; Alkandari, J.R.; Andersen, L.B.; Blair, S.N.; Brownson, R.C.; et al., 2012, Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Journal of The Lancet 380, 258–271.
      https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1
Benton, J.S., Anderson, J., Hunter, R.F. and French, D.P., 2016, The effect of changing the built environment on physical activity: a quantitative review of the risk of bias in natural experiments. Journal of Behavioral

 
     Nutrition and Physical Activity volume 13, Article number: 107
     https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0433-3
Booth, ML; Ainsworth, BE; Pratt, M; Ekelund, U; Yngve, A; Sallis, JF, 2003, International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.  Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35(8):p 1381-1395. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Bonaccorsi, G.; Manzi, F.; Del Riccio, M.; Setola, N.; Naldi, E.; Milani, Ch.; Giorgetti, D.; Dellisanti, C.; and Lorini, Ch., 2020, Impact of the Built Environment and the Neighborhood in Promoting the Physical Activity and the Healthy Aging in Older People: An Umbrella Review. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(17), 6127.
     https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176127
Cervero, R.; Kockelman, K., 1997, Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Pages 199-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
Chareejoo, F; & Chin Siong, Ho., 2011, Urban Form and Physical Activity: The Role of Urban Planning to Creat Healthy City.
Cerin, E; Zhang, C; Casper J.P. ; Barnett, A; Sit, C H.P. ; Cheung, M M.C; Johnston, J M; Lee, R S.Y., 2016, Association of objectively-assessed neighborhood characteristics with older adults total physical activity and sedentary time in an ultra-dense urban environment: Findings from the ALECS study. Health & Place, 42, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.08.009
Cerin, E; Saelens, B E; Sallis, J F; and Frank, L D., 2006, Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale: validity and development of a short form. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(9), 1682-1691. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000227639.83607.4d
Choo, J.; Kim, H.-J.; Park, S., 2017, Neighborhood Environments: Links to Health Behaviors and Obesity Status in Vulnerable Children. West. J. Nurs. Res. 39, 1169–1191.
        https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916670903
Delso, J; Martín, B; Ortega, E; Otero, I., 2017, A Model for Assessing Pedestrian Corridors. Application to Vitoria-Gasteiz City (Spain), Sustainability 9, 434.
        https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030434
Dong, H.; Qin, B., 2017, Exploring the link between neighborhood environment and mental wellbeing: A case study in Beijing, China. Landsc. Urban Plan. 164, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.005
Ebadi, M.; Harirchi, M.; Shariati, M.; Garmarodi, Gh.; Fateh, A.; Montazeri, A, 2002, Translation of determining the reliability and validity of the 12-question general health questionnaire (GHQ-12), Paish scientific research journal, 1 (3). (In Persian). http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-869-fa.html
Fathi, S.; Sajadzadeh, H.; Mohammadi Sheshkal, F.; Aram, F.; Pinter, G.; Felde, I.; Mosavi, A., 2020, The Role of Urban Morphology Design on Enhancing Physical Activity and Public Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072359
Frank, L.D.; Sallis, J.F.; Conway, T.L.; Chapman, J.E.; Saelens, B.E.; Bachman, W., 2007, Many pathways from land use to health: Associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality.
     https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725
Garcia R., Soria-Lara J., 2015, Q-PLOS, developing an alternative walking index, A method based on urban design quality, Cities. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.003
Gascon, M.; Triguero-Mas, M.; Martinez, D.; Dadvand, P.; Rojas-Rueda, D.; Plasencia, A.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M., 2016, Residential green spaces and mortality: A systematic review. Environ. Int. 86, 60–67.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.013
Gemzoe, L; Gehl, Jan., 2006, The Copenhagen experience what the pedestrian wants, Ekim Tan Delft University of Technology photos.
Guglielmo, F; Anupindi, S; Fletcher, J; Al-Hawary, M; Dillman, J; Grand, D; Bruining, D; Chatterji, M; Darge, K; Fidler, J; Gandhi, N; Gee, M; Grajo, J; Huang. Ch; Jaffe, T; Ho Park, S; Rimola, J; Soto, J; Taouli, B; Taylor, S; Baker, M., 2020, Small Bowel Crohn Disease at CT and MR Enterography: Imaging Atlas and Glossary of Terms. National Institutes of Health, Mar-Apr;40(2):354-375. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2020190091.
Hakimian, P A., 2014, The role of urban design on the health of residents at the neighborhood scale with special emphasis on obesity. PhD thesis of Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shahid Beheshti University. (In Persian).
Hamblion. E. L.; Burkitt. A.; Lalor. M. K.; Anderson. L. F.; Thomas. H.L; Abubakar. I.; Morton. S.; Maguire. H. & Anderson. S. R., 2019, Public health outcome of Tuberculosis Cluster Investigations, England 2010–2013. Journal of Infection, 78: 269–274.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.12.004
Hasanzadeh, R.; Madah, M T., 2016, Statistical methods in behavioral sciences (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics) (edit 2). Tehran: Ed. (In Persian).
Helpman. L.; Pond. G . R.; Elit. L.; Anderson. L. R. & Seow. H., 2020, Endometrial cancer presentation is associated with social determinants of health in a public healthcare system: A population-based cohort study. Gynecologic Oncology, YGYNO-977923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.04.693
Hillier, B.; Hanson, J., 1984, The Social Logic of Space; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
     https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511597237
Honold, J.; Lakes, T.; Beyer, R.; van der Meer, E., 2016, Restoration in urban spaces: Nature views from home, greenways, and public parks. Environ. Behavior. 48, 796-825.
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514568556
Hosseinpoor, AR; Williams, JAS; Itani, L; Chatterji S., 2012, Socioeconomic inequality in domains of health: results from the World Health Surveys. BMC Public Health. 12(1):1.
     https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-198
Human Services., 1996, Physical Activity and Health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Memar press. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/index.htm (accessed on 14 January 2020).
Humpel, N.; Owen, N.; Leslie, E., 2002, Environmental factors associated with adults, participation in physical activity: A review.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3
Hyungun, S.; & Sugie, L., 2015, Residential built environment and walking activity: Empirical evidence of Jane Jacobs’ urban vitality, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.009
Jalili, M; Nazem, F; Heydarianpur, A., 2011, Impacts of pedometer determined physical activity on biochemical risk factors of the cardiovascular system. Scientific Research and Essays. 6(25):5457-61.
        https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267791469
Joloudari, J.H.; Hassannataj Joloudari, E.; Saadatfar, H.; Ghasemigol, M.; Razavi, S.M.; Mosavi, A.; Nabipour, N.; Shamshirband, S.; Nadai, L., 2020, Coronary Artery Disease Diagnosis. Ranking the Significant Features Using a Random Trees Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 731.
     https://doi:10.3390/ijerph17030731
Kamalipour, H.; Memarian, G.H.; Faizi, M.; Mousavian, S.M.F., 2012, Formal classification & spatial configuration in vernacular housing: A comparative study on the zoning of thereception area in traditional houses of Kerman Province.
   https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253238233
Keith, V. M.; Brown, D. R., 2010, “African american women and mental well-being: The triangulation of race, gender, and socioe-conomic status”. In Scheid. T. L.; Brown, T. N. (Eds.). A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems. Second Edition. UK: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 15: 291-305.
 https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/handbook-for-the-study-of-mental-health
Kirtland, K.A.; Porter, D.E.; Addy, C.L.; Neet, M.J.; Williams, J.E.; Sharpe, P.A.; Ne, L.J.; Kimsey, C.D.; Ainsworth, B.E., 2003, Environmental measures of physical activity supports: perception versus reality. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00021-7
Koohsari, M.J; Badland, H; Mavoa, S; Villanueva, K; Francis, J; Hooper, P; Owen, N; Giles-Corti, B., 2018, Are public open space attributes associated with walking and depression?. Cities 119-125.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.11.011
 koohsari, M.J.; Owen, N.; Cole, R.; Mavoa, S.; Oka, K.; Hanibuchi, T.; Sugiyama, T., 2017, Built environmental factors and adults’ travel behaviors: Role of street layout and local destinations.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.021
Kraft, T.; Gatzweiler, F.W., 2020, Urban health and systems thinking. Int. Encyclopedia Hum. Geograp.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10433-0
Krier, R., 2004, Urban Space, translated by Khosro Hasheminejad, Khak Publishing House, Tehran. (In Persian).
Krosnick, Jon A.; Fabrigar, Leandre R., 1997, Lyberg, Lars (ed.). Designing Rating Scales for Effective Measurement in Surveys. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118490013.ch6
Kwasnicka, D.; Dombrowski, S.U.; White, M.; Sniehotta, F., 2016, Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: A systematic review of behaviour theories. Health Psychol. Rev. 10, 277–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1151372
Lee, I-M; Rexrode, KM; Cook, N.R; Manson, J.E; Buring. J.E., 2001, Physical activity and coronary heart disease in women: Is no pain, no gain passé? Jama. 285(11):1447-54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.11.1447
Lenzi, M.; Vieno, A.; Santinello, M.; Perkins, D.D., 2013, How neighborhood structural and institutional features can shape neighborhood social connectedness: A multilevel study of adolescent perceptions. Am. J. Community Psychol. 51, 451–467.
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-012-9563-1
Lin, L., 2018, Leisure-time physical activity, objective urban neighborhood built environment, and overweight and obesity of Chinese school-age children.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.05.001
Mason, E.K.; Neil, P.; Steven, C., 2018, Associations between fast food and physical activity environments and adiposity in mid-life: Cross-sectional, observational evidence from UK Biobank. Lancet Public Health 3, 24–33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30212-8
Mccliskey, B.; Endericks, T., 2017, The rise of Zika infection and microcephaly: What can we learn from a public health emergency?. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.05.008
Midma, E., 2020, Building Design Based on Health Promotion: Exploring Building Design Perspectives for Health Promotion in Health Care Systems. Ph.D. Thesis University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Mikkonen, J; Raphael, D., 2010, Social Determinants of Health THE CANADIAN FACTS. ISBN 978-0-9683484-1-3.
Mirgholami, M.; Gharehbaglou, M.; Nowzamani, N., 2017, The Assessment of Social and Physical Dimensions of Neighborhood Environment on Residents’ Mental Health and Wellbeing (case study: Roshdiyeh Neighborhood of Tabriz). Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urban Planning, Volume 22, Number 2. (In Persian).
   https://doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2017.232419.671695   
Mousaviraja, A; Nasirzadeh, M; Mirzaei Alavijeh, M; Aligol, M; Mahboubi, M; Eslami, AA., 2014, Personality Type and Drug Abuse among Iranian Young Adults: A Comparative Study. Life Science Journal. 11 (4s): 251-256.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286464106
Mueller, N; Rojas-Rueda, D; Khreis, H; Cirach, M; Andrés, D; Ballester, J; Bartoll, X; Daher, C; Deluca, A; Echave, C; Milà, C; Márquez, S; Palou, J; Pérez, K; Tonne, C; Stevenson, M; Rueda, S; Nieuwenhuijsen, M., 2020, Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model. Environment International Journal 105132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105132
Namvar, H.; and Tavakoli Kazroni, M., 2018, Effects of designing urban spaces on public health and encouraging public sports. The 3rd International Conference on New Findings of Civil Engineering and Construction Industry of Iran, Tehran. (In Persian). https://civilica.com/doc/863464
Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J.; Khreis, H., 2016, Car free cities: Pajecthway to healthy urban living. Environ. Int. 94, 251–262.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.032
Nieuwenhuijsen, M., 2020, Changing the urban design of cities for health: The superblock model. Environ. Int. 134, 105–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105132
Noorbala, A.A.; Bagheri yazdi, S.A.; Mohammad, K., 2009, The Validation of General Health Questionnaire 28 as a Psychiatric Screening Tool. Health System Research Journal (HAKIM), 11(4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256840443
Noori, S.; 2014, Planning the balanced development of the central part of Sanandaj city. Master's thesis of Shahid Beheshti University, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (In Persian).
Organization WHO., 2003, Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence. Department of Mental Health and Substance.
Owen, C.G.; Nightingale, C.M.; Limb, E.S.; Ram, B.; Shankar, A.; Clary, C.; Lewis, D.; Cummins, S.; Procter, D.; Cooper, A.R.; et al., 2019, The efect of moving to East Village, the former London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games Athletes’ Village, on physical activity and adiposity (ENABLE London): A cohort study.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30133-1
Owen, N.; Cerin, E.; Leslie, E.; duToit, L.; Coffee, N.; Frank, L.; Bauman, A.; Hugo, G.; Saelens, B.; Sallis, J, 2007, Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.025
Panter, J., Heinen, E., Mackett, R. and Ogilvie, D., 2016, Impact of New Transport Infrastructure on Walking, Cycling, and Physical Activity, Am. J. Prev. Med. 50, e45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.09.021
Paydar, M.; Kamani Fard, A.; and Khaghani, M., 2020, Pedestrian Walkways for Health in Shiraz, Iran, the Contribution of Attitudes, and Perceived Environmental Attributes. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187263
Philip J, T.; Saunders, RP.; Pate, R.; Reininger, B.; Addy, Ch., 2003, Correlates of recreational and transportation physical activity among adults in a New England community, Preventive medicine.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00137-3
Rebecchi, A.; Dettori, M., 2018, Healthy design and urban planning strategies, actions, and policy to achieve salutogenic cities. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122698
Remoundou, Kyriaki; Koundouri, Phoebe., 2009, Environmental Effects on Public Health: An Economic Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(8).
    https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6082160
Rezazadeh, R.; Latifi Oskouei., 2014, The Role of Neighborhood Walk Ability on Residential Satisfaction,Case Study: Chizar Neighborhood. Arman Shahr Architecture and Urbanization, 7(13). (In Persian). https://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_33455.html
Rismanchian, O.; Bell, S., 2010, The application of space Syntax in studying the structure of the cities.
Sallis, J.F., 2009, Measuring physical activity environments: A brief history. Am. J. Prev. Med. 36, S86–S92.
        https://doi.org/20.1001.1.22286020.1389.2.43.5.6
Sallis, J.F.; Saelens, B.E.; Frank, L.D.; Conway, T.L.; Slymen, D.J.; Cain, K.L.; Kerr, J., 2009, Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes. J. Soc. Sci. Med. 68, 1285–1293.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017
Schlossberg, M; Agrawal, A W; Irvin, K; Bekkouch, Vanessa Louise., 2007, How far, by which route, and why? A spatial analysis of pedestrian preference.
     URI: https://bel.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/3258.
Schroder, J.; Moebus, S.; and Skodra, J., 2022, Selected Research Issues of Urban Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095553
Senyuta, Iryna., 2017, The emerging public health legislation in Ukrain. South Eastern European Journal of Public Health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10,4119/UNIBI/SEEJPH-2017-141
Silva, M.M.; Costa, J.P., 2018, Urban floods and climate change adaptation: The potential of public space design when accommodating natural processes. 10, 180.
        https://doi.org/10.3390/w10020180
Sundquist, K., 2011, Neighborhood walkability, physical activity, and walking behavior: The Swedish. Neighborhood and Physical Activity (SNAP) study.
     https://doi.org/10.1016
Tehrani, H.; gholian avval, M.; Hasani Kabootarkhani, M.; Peyman, N.; Vahedian-Shahroodi, M., 2016, The impact of new communications technology on promoting women’s physical activity. (In Persian). http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-177-fa.html
Valenti, G.; Bonomi, A.G.; Westerterp, K.R., 2016, Walking as a Contributor to Physical Activity in Healthy Older Adults: 2 Week Longitudinal Study Using Accelerometry and the Doubly Labeled Water Method. JMIR mHealth uHealth 4, e56.
     https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.5445
Wang, J., Lee, K. and Kwan, M.-P., 2018, Environmental Influences on Leisure-Time Physical Inactivity in the U.S.: An Exploration of Spatial Non-Stationarity. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7040143
WHO the World Health Report., 1999, Making Difference; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization., 2017, Physical Inactivity: A Global Public Health Problem. Available online:
    http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_inactivity/en/ (accessed on 14 January 2020).
World Health Organization, Fact Sheet no. 311., 2011.
Yoo, S.; Kim, H.D., 2019, How does the built environment in compact metropolitan cities affect health? A systematic review of korean studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16, 2921.
     https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162921
Yung, L.; Shibata, A.; Ishii, K.; Koohsari, M J.; Inoue, Sh.; and Oka, K., 2018, Can neighborhood design support walking? Cross-sectional and prospective findings from Japan, Journal of Transport & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.10.008
Zhou, H.; Gao, H., 2020, The impact of urban morphology on urban transportation mode: A case study of Tokyo. Case Stud. Transp, 8, 197–205.
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2018.07.005
Zhu, X., 2013, Walkable Communities Evaluating Impacts of aWalkable Community on Residents’ Physical and Social Health. 2013. Available online:
   https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263350827
Zuniga-Teran, Adriana A.; Orr, Barron J.; Gimblett, Randy H.; Chalfoun, Nader V.; Guertin, David P.; & Marsh, Stuart E., 2017, Neighborhood Design, Physical Activity, and Wellbeing: Applying the Walkability Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010076
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics