ارزیابی مناطق مستعد بیابان‌‍‌زایی با تأکید بر مدل‌های فرسایش به‌کمک تحلیل‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره (مطالعۀ موردی: سوچرزون سیستان و بلوک افغان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه جغرافیا دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، آزمایشگاه علم / سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و سنجش از دور (GISSRS: Lab)، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

سابقه و هدف: بیابان‌زایی یکی از چالش‌های مهم دنیای امروز است که پایداری محیط‌زیست را تهدید می‌کند. این پدیده از تخریب زمین در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک ناشی می‌شود و می‌تواند پیامدهای جدی برای محیط‌زیست، اقتصاد و جامعه داشته باشد. ایران، به‌دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی‌اش در کمربند خشک و نیمه‌خشک جهان، درمعرض خطر بیابان‌زایی قرار دارد. برای مقابله با این پدیده، شناسایی و ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر، تعیین مناطق آسیب‌پذیر و استفاده از مدل‌هایی به‌منظور ارزیابی این پدیده ضروری است. در این راستا، استفاده از علم سنجش از دور و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) می‌تواند در ارزیابی و نظارت بر بیابان‌زایی مفید باشد. این فنّاوری‌ها امکان بررسی گسترده و دقیق تغییرات پوشش زمین را فراهم می‌آورند و به مدیریت و حفاظت از مناطق درمعرض خطر کمک می‌کنند. هدف این پژوهش شناسایی مناطق مستعد بیابان‌زایی در کمربند شرقی ایران (سوچرزون سیستان و بلوک افغان)، با استفاده از مدل تحلیل‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره، مبتنی‌بر رویکرد اولویت ترتیبی (OPA) است.
مواد و روش‌ها: زون زمین‌شناسی سیستان و بلوک افغان، با مساحت بیش از 106هزار کیلومترمربع، در کمربند شرقی ایران قرار دارد و شامل بخش‌هایی از استان سیستان و بلوچستان و خراسان جنوبی می‌شود. این منطقه، براساس طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی دومارتن، در اقلیم خشک و فراخشک قرار می‌گیرد. وجود چنین شرایطی در این منطقه، همراه با تخریب پوشش گیاهی و خشک شدن منابع آبی، آن را مستعد بیابان‌زایی کرده است. در این پژوهش برای به دست آوردن نقشۀ مناطق مستعد بیابان‌زایی، در ابتدا، نقشۀ پتانسیل فرسایش بادی و فرسایش آبی، به‌ترتیب با استفاده از مدل‌های RWEQ و RUSLE در منطقۀ مورد مطالعه حاصل شد. سپس نتایج این مدل‌ها به‌همراه سایر شاخص‌ها، ازقبیل پوشش گیاهی، شوری خاک، کاربری اراضی، درجۀ حرارت، رده‌بندی خاک، جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک و طبقه‌بندی اقلیمی، با استفاده از مدل تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره مبتنی‌بر اولویت ترتیبی (OPA) وزن‌دهی شدند و در نهایت، نقشۀ مناطق مستعد بیابان‌زایی در کمربند شرقی ایران به دست آمد.
نتایج و بحث: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که میانگین پتانسیل فرسایش بادی، در کمربند شرقی ایران، 64 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع است. این درحالی است که 16% این منطقه، که اغلب در بخش‌های شرقی و جنوب‌شرق قرار دارد و شامل شهرستان‌های زابل، سراوان و خاش می‌شود، دارای پتانسیل فرسایش بادی بیش از 512 کیلوگرم بر مترمربع است. در مقابل، میانگین فرسایش آبی 24/36 تن در هکتار به دست آمده است؛ بیشترین میزان فرسایش آبی بیش از 40 تن در هکتار و در 5/34% از مساحت منطقۀ مورد مطالعه رخ می‌دهد که اغلب در شمال منطقه، شامل شهرستان نهبندان در استان خراسان جنوبی و بخش‌های مرکزی منطقه واقع شده است. در نهایت، نتایج مدل تصمیم‌گیری ‌چندمعیاره ‌مبتنی‌بر اولویت ترتیبی نشان داد که مهم‌ترین شاخص‌ها ازمنظر متخصصان، در شناسایی مناطق مستعد بیابان‌زایی در این منطقه، شاخص‌های فرسایش بادی و پوشش گیاهی و شوری خاک است و بخش‌های شرقی و جنوب‌شرق ناحیه به‌شدت تحت تأثیر بیابان‌زایی قرار دارند.
بحث و بررسی: فرسایش در کمربند شرقی ایران پیامدهای منفی متعددی دارد؛ ازجمله کاهش حاصلخیزی خاک و تهدید معیشت، امنیت غذایی و سلامت مردم. تخریب پوشش گیاهی، از بین رفتن منابع آبی و تبدیل این مناطق به زمین‌های بایر، به‌خصوص در نیمۀ شرقی ایران که در سال‌های اخیر با پدیدۀ خشکسالی گسترده‌ای مواجه شده‌اند، بیشترین تأثیر را در بیابان‌زایی داشته است. برای مقابله با این مشکل، به ابتکارات مدیریتی مانند مدیریت منابع آب، توسعۀ کشاورزی پایدار و حفاظت از تنوع زیستی نیاز است. این ابتکارها باید، با توجه به شرایط خاص هر منطقه و با مشارکت جوامع محلی و متخصصان، طراحی و اجرا شوند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که استفاده از مدل‌های ‌مبتنی‌بر رویکرد اولویت ترتیبی می‌تواند، در شناسایی مناطق آسیب‌پذیر به‌منظور تدوین برنامه‌های مدیریتی، مؤثر باشد. همچنین استفاده از شاخص‌هایی مانند مدیریت چرا، جمعیت و سطح آب‌های زیرزمینی، در مطالعات آتی، امکان ارزیابی بهتر وضعیت بیابان‌زایی را فراهم می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Areas Susceptible to Desertification with Emphasis on Erosion Models Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis A Case Study (Sistan Suture Zone and Afghan Blocks)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sajjad Taleghani
  • Atefe Bardooei
  • Amir Hossein Najafi Dehjalali
  • Masoud Minaei
Dep of Geography, Geographic Information Science/System and Remote Sensing Laboratory (GISSRS: Lab), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad , Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction: Desertification is one of the major challenges of today's world, threatening environmental sustainability. This phenomenon arises from land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions and can have serious consequences for the environment, economy, and society. Due to its geographic location in the dry and semi-arid belt of the world, Iran is at risk of desertification. To combat this phenomenon, it is essential to identify and assess the influential factors, determine vulnerable areas, and use models to evaluate this issue. The use of remote sensing technologies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be beneficial in assessing and monitoring desertification. These technologies enable comprehensive and accurate examination of land cover changes and assist in the management and protection of at-risk areas. This study aims to identify areas susceptible to desertification in the eastern belt of Iran (Sistan Suture Zone and Afghan Blocks) using multi-criteria decision analysis models based on the Ordered Preferential Approach (OPA).
Materials and Methods: The geological zone of Sistan and the Afghan Blocks, covering an area of over 106,000 square kilometers, is located in the eastern belt of Iran and includes parts of Sistan and Baluchestan and South Khorasan provinces. According to the De Martonne climate classification, this area falls within the arid and hyper-arid climate zones. Such conditions, along with vegetation degradation and the drying up of water resources, have made this region susceptible to desertification. In this study, to obtain a map of areas prone to desertification, wind and water erosion potential maps were first generated using the RWEQ and RUSLE models, respectively, in the study area. The results of these models, along with other indicators such as vegetation cover, soil salinity, land use, temperature, soil classification, bulk density, and climate classification, were weighted using a multi-criteria decision analysis model based on the Ordered Preferential Approach (OPA). Finally, a map of areas susceptible to desertification in the eastern belt of Iran was produced.
Results and Discussion: The results of this study showed that the average wind erosion potential in the eastern belt of Iran is 64 kg per square meter. Notably, 16% of this area, primarily located in the eastern and southeastern parts, including the cities of Zabol, Saravan, and Khash, has a wind erosion potential exceeding 512 kg per square meter. In contrast, the average water erosion was found to be 24.36 tons per hectare, with the highest rates of water erosion exceeding 40 tons per hectare covering 34.5% of the study area, primarily in the northern region, including the city of Nehbandan in South Khorasan province and central parts of the area. Finally, the results of the multi-criteria decision analysis model based on the Ordered Preferential Approach indicated that the most significant factors identified by experts in recognizing areas susceptible to desertification in this region are wind erosion, vegetation cover, and soil salinity. The eastern and southeastern parts of the area are severely affected by desertification.
Conclusion: Erosion in the eastern belt of Iran has multiple negative consequences, including reduced soil fertility and threats to livelihoods, food security, and public health. The degradation of vegetation, loss of water resources, and conversion of these areas into barren lands, particularly in the eastern half of Iran, which has faced extensive drought in recent years, have had the most significant impact on desertification. To deal with this problem, there is a need for management such as resource management, sustainable agricultural development and biodiversity conservation. These initiatives should be designed and implemented considering the specific conditions of each region and with the participation of local communities and experts. The results of this study indicate that the use of models based on the Ordered Preferential Approach can be effective in identifying vulnerable areas for the formulation of effective management plans. Additionally, incorporating indicators such as grazing management, population, and groundwater levels in future studies will facilitate a better assessment of desertification status.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: OPA
  • RWEQ
  • RUSLE
  • MCDM
  • Desertification
  • Erosion

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